Interactive Stories

2025

Eric Zhou, Shreyas Basavatia, Moontashir Siam, Zexin Chen, and Mark O. Riedl
STORY2GAME: Generating (Almost) Everything in an Interactive Fiction Game
arXiv:2505.03547 (2025).
arXiv bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesGame Generation

2024

Christopher Z. Cui, Xiangyu Peng, and Mark O. Riedl
A Mixture-of-Experts Approach to Few-Shot Task Transfer in Open-Ended Text Worlds
arXiv:2405.06059 (2024).
arXiv bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

2023

Xiangyu Peng, Christopher Cui, Wei Zhou, Renee Jia, and Mark O. Riedl
Story Shaping: Teaching Agents Human-like Behavior with Stories
Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (2023).
arXiv Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement LearningValue Alignment

Wei Zhou, Xiangyu Peng, and Mark O. Riedl
Dialogue Shaping: Empowering Agents through NPC Interaction
Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI Workshop on Experimental AI in Games (2023).
arXiv Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

Zexin Chen, Eric Zhou, Kenneth Eaton, Xiangyu Peng, and Mark O. Riedl
Ambient Adventures: Teaching ChatGPT on Developing Complex Stories
arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.01734 (2023).
arXiv bibtexInteractive StoriesAgents

Christopher Cui, Xiangyu Peng, and Mark O. Riedl
Thespian: Multi-Character Text Role-Playing Game Agents
Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI Workshop on Experimental AI in Games (2023).
arXiv Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

2022

Xiangyu Peng, Mark O. Riedl, and Prithviraj Ammanabrolu
Inherently Explainable Reinforcement Learning in Natural Language
Proceedings of NeurIPS 2022 (2022).
arXiv Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsExplainable AIInterpretabilityReinforcement Learning

Xiangyu Peng, Mark O. Riedl, and Prithviraj Ammanabrolu
Inherently Explainable Reinforcement Learning in Natural Language
Proceedings of the 2022 Multi-disciplinary Conference on Reinforcement Learning and Decision Making (2022).
arXiv Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsExplainable AIInterpretabilityReinforcement Learning

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, Renee Jia, and Mark O. Riedl
Situated Dialogue Learning through Procedural Environment Generation
Proceedings of ACL 2022 (2022).
arXiv Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement LearningGame Generation

2021

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu and Mark Riedl
Learning Knowledge Graph-based World Models of Textual Environments
Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (2021).
arXiv Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu and Mark O. Riedl
Modeling Worlds in Text
Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Benchmarks Track (2021).
arXiv Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesSocial SimulationAgentsReinforcement Learning

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu and Mark O. Riedl
Telling Stories through Multi-User Dialogue by Modeling Character Relations
Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Narrative Understanding (2021).
Workshop bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesLarge Language Models

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu and Mark O Riedl
Situated Language Learning via Interactive Narratives
arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.09977 (2021).
arXiv bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

2020

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, Ethan Tien, Zhaochen Luo, and Mark O Riedl
Exploration Strategies for Text-Adventure Agents
Proceedings of the IJCAI Knowledge-based Reinforcement Learning Workshop (2020).
Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

Matthew Hausknecht, Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, Marc-Alexandre Cot'e, and Xingdi Yuan
Interactive Fiction Games: A Colossal Adventure
Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) (2020).
arXiv Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu and Matthew Hausknecht
Graph Constrained Reinforcement Learning for Natural Language Action Spaces
International Conference on Learning Representations (2020).
OpenReview Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, Wesley Cheung, Dan Tu, William Broniec, and Mark O Riedl
Bringing stories alive: Generating interactive fiction worlds
Proceedings of the Sixteenth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE-20) (2020).
arXiv Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesGame Generation

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, Ethan Tien, Matthew Hausknecht, and Mark O Riedl
How to avoid being eaten by a grue: Structured exploration strategies for textual worlds
arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.07409 (2020).
arXiv bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

Sahith Dambekodi, Spencer Frazier, Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, and Mark O Riedl
Playing Text-Based Games with Common Sense
Proceedings of the NeurIPS Wordplay workshop (2020).
arXiv Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

2019

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, William Broniec, Alex Mueller, and Mark O. Jeremy Paul
Toward Automated Quest Generation in Text-Adventure Games
Proceedings of the INLG Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation (2019).
arXiv Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesGame Generation

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu and Mark O. Riedl
Transfer in Deep Reinforcement Learning using Knowledge Graphs
Proceedings of the EMNLP Workshop on TextGraphs: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing (2019).
arXiv Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu and Mark O. Riedl
Playing Text-Adventure Games with Graph-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning
Proceedings of the 2019 NeurIPS Workshop on Word Play: Reinforcement and Language Learning in Text-based Games (2019).
Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

Prithviraj Ammanabrolu and Mark O. Riedl
Playing Text-Adventure Games with Graph-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics (2019).
arXiv Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

2018

Lara Martin, Srijan Sood, and Mark Riedl
Dungeons and DQNs: Toward Reinforcement Learning Agents that Play Tabletop Roleplaying Games
Proceedings of the 2018 Joint Workshop on Workshop on Intelligent Cinematography and Editing and Intelligent Narrative Technologies (2018).
PDF Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesAgentsReinforcement Learning

2017

Lara J. Martin, Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, Xinyu Wang, Shruti Singh, Brent Harrison, Murtaza Dhuliawala, Pradyumna Tambwekar, Animesh Mehta, Richa Arora, Nathan Dass, Chris Purdy, and Mark O. Riedl
Improvisational Storytelling Agents
Proceedings of the NIPS 2017 Workshop on Machine Learning for Creativity and Design (2017).
PDF Workshop bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

2016

Laura J. Martin, Brent Harrison, and Mark O. Riedl
Improvisational Computational Storytelling in Open Worlds
Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (2016).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Laura J. Martin, Brent Harrison, and Mark O. Riedl
Improvisational Computational Storytelling in Open Worlds
Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (2016).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

2015

Hong Yu and Mark O. Riedl
Optimizing Players' Expected Enjoyment in Interactive Stories
Proceedings of the 11th Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (2015).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Boyang Li and Mark O. Riedl
Scheherazade: Crowd-Powered Interactive Narrative Generation
Proceedings of the 29th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2015).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesHuman Computation

Matthew Guzdial, Brent Harrison, Boyang Li, and Mark O. Riedl
Crowdsourcing Open Interactive Narrative
Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (2015).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesHuman Computation

2014

Hong Yu and Mark O. Riedl
Personalized Interactive Narratives via Sequential Recommendation of Plot Points
IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence in Games 6 (2014).
PDF Journal bibtexInteractive Stories

2013

Hong Yu and Mark O. Riedl
Toward Personalized Guidance in Interactive Narratives
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (2013).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Hong Yu and Mark O. Riedl
Data-Driven Personalized Drama Management
Proceedings of the Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (2013).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl and Vadim Bulitko
Interactive Narrative: An Intelligent Systems Approach
AI Magazine 34 (2013).
PDF Journal bibtexInteractive Stories

Boyang Li, Stephen Lee-Urban, and Mark O. Riedl
Crowdsourcing Interactive Fiction Games
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (2013).
PDF Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesHuman Computation

2012

Hong Yu and Mark O. Riedl
A Sequential Recommendation Approach for Interactive Personalized Story Generation
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi Agent Systems (2012).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl
Interactive Narrative: A Novel Application of Artificial Intelligence for Computer Games
Proceedings of the 26th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2012).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Boyang Li, Stephen Lee-Urban, and Mark O. Riedl
Toward Autonomous Crowd-Powered Creation of Interactive Narratives
Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Intelligent Narrative Technologies (2012).
PDF Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesHuman Computation

2011

Mark O. Riedl, Boyang Li, Hua Ai, and Ashwin Ram
Robust and Authorable Multiplayer Interactive Narrative Experiences
Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Interactive Digital Entertainment (2011).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesCreativity

Mark O. Riedl
Interactive Social Stories for Young Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders
Conference on the State of the Science on Work Accommodations (2011).
Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesHealthcare

James Niehaus, Boyang Li, and Mark Riedl
Automated Scenario Adaptation in Support of Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society, Special Track on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (2011).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesEducation

2010

Mark O. Riedl, David Thue, and Vadim Bulitko
Game AI as Storytelling
Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence for Computer Games (2010).
PDF Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl and Boyang Li
Creating Customized Virtual Experiences by Leveraging Human Creative Effort: A Desideratum
Workshop on Collaborative Human/AI Control for Interactive Experiences (2010).
PDF Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesCreativityGame Generation

Mark O. Riedl
A Comparison of Interactive Narrative System Approaches Using Human Improvisational Actors
Workshop on Intelligent Narrative Technologies III (2010).
PDF Workshop bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark Riedl
Scalable Personalization of Interactive Experiences through Creative Automation
Computers In Entertainment 8 (2010).
PDF Journal bibtexInteractive StoriesCreativity

Boyang Li and Mark O. Riedl
Planning for Individualized Experiences with Quest-Centric Game Adaptation
ICAPS 2010 Workshop on Planning in Games (2010).
PDF Workshop bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesGame Generation

Boyang Li and Mark O. Riedl
An Offline Planning Approach to Game Plotline Adaptation
Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (2010).
PDF Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesGame Generation

Boyang Li and Mark O. Riedl
Creating Customized Game Experiences by Leveraging Human Creative Effort: A Planning Approach
Agents for Games and Simulations (2010).
Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesCreativityGame Generation

2009

David L. Roberts, Mark O. Riedl, and Charles Isbell
Beyond Adversarial: The Case for Game AI as Storytelling
Proceedings of the 2009 Conference of the Digital Games Research Association (2009).
PDF Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

James Niehaus and Mark O. Riedl
Scenario Adaptation: An Approach to Customizing Computer-Based Training Games and Simulations
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education Workshop on Intelligent Educational Games (2009).
PDF Workshop bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesEducation

James Niehaus and Mark O. Riedl
Toward Scenario Adaptation for Learning
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) (2009).
PDF Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesEducation

2008

Mei Si, Stacy Marsella, and Mark O. Riedl
Integrating Plot-Centric and Character-Centric Processes for Authoring Interactive Drama
Proceedings of the 4th AAAI Conference on AI and Interactive Digital Entertainment (2008).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Mei Si, Stacy Marsella, and Mark O. Riedl
Interactive Drama Authoring with Plot and Character: An Intelligent System that Fosters Creativity
Creative Intelligent Systems: Papers from the 2008 Spring Symposium (2008).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

David Roberts, Charles Isbell, Mark O. Riedl, and Merrick Furst
On the Use of Computational Models of Influence for Managing Interactive Virtual Experiences
Proceedings of the 1st Joint International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (2008).
Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl, Andrew Stern, Don M. Dini, and Jason M. Alderman
Dynamic Experience Management in Virtual Worlds for Entertainment, Education, and Training
International Transactions on System Science and Applications 3 (2008).
PDF Journal bibtexInteractive StoriesEducation

Mark O. Riedl
Intelligent Experience Management for Virtual Worlds
TCS Innovation Labs Workshop on Virtual Reality and its Applications to Enterprises (2008).
Workshop bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl and Neha Sugandh
Story Planning with Vignettes: Toward Overcoming the Content Production Bottleneck
Proceedings of the 1st Joint International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (2008).
PDF Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl and Carlos Le'on
Toward Vignette-Based Story Generation for Drama Management Systems
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (INTETAIN), Workshop on Integrating Technologies for Interactive Stories (2008).
Workshop bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

2007

David L. Roberts, Mark O. Riedl, and Charles L. Isbell
Opportunities for Machine Learning to Impact Interactive Narrative
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Workshop on Machine Learning and Games (MALAGA) (2007).
Workshop bibtexInteractive Stories

2006

Mark O. Riedl
Emergent and Guided Narrative for Training and Education in Virtual Worlds
Institute for Creative Technologies Workshop on Intelligent Tutoring in Serious Games (2006).
Workshop bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesEducation

Mark O. Riedl and R. Michael Young
From Linear Story Generation to Branching Story Graphs
IEEE Journal of Computer Graphics and Animation 26 (2006).
Journal bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl, Andrew Stern, and Don Dini
Mixing Story and Simulation in Interactive Narrative
Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE) (2006).
Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl and Andrew Stern
Failing Believably: Toward Strong Autonomy and Strong Story in Interactive Narratives
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technologies for Interactive Digital Storytelling and Entertainment (2006).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl and Andrew Stern
Believable Agents and Intelligent Story Adaptation for Interactive Storytelling
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technologies for Interactive Digital Storytelling and Entertainment (TIDSE) (2006).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl and Andrew Stern
Believable Agents and Intelligent Scenario Direction for Social and Cultural Leadership Training
Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (BRIMS) (2006).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive StoriesSocial SimulationAgentsEducation

Mark O. Riedl
Fabulist and Automated Story Director in the Little Red Riding Hood Domain
TIDSE 2006 Pre-Conference Demo Workshop on the Authoring Process in Interactive Storytelling (2006).
Workshop bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl
Emergent and Guided Narrative for Training and Education in Virtual Worlds
League of World 3: Annual Colloquium on Online Simulations, Role-Playing, and Virtual Worlds (2006).
Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesEducation

Mark O. Riedl
Emergent and Guided Narrative for Training and Education in Virtual Worlds
Air Force Research Lab Workshop on Storytelling as an Instructional Method: In Search of Theoretical and Empirical Foundations (2006).
Workshop bibtexStorytellingInteractive StoriesEducation

2005

Mark O. Riedl and R. Michael Young
From Linear Story Generation to Branching Story Graphs
Proceedings of the 1st AAAI Conference on AI and Interactive Digital Entertainment (2005).
Link Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

Michael Lent, Mark O. Riedl, Paul Carpenter, Ryan McAlinden, and Paul Brobst
Increasing Replayability with Deliberative and Reactive Planning
Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE) (2005).
Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

R. Michael Young and Mark O. Riedl
Integrating Plan-Based Behavior Generation with Game Environments
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (ACE) (2005).
Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl and R. Michael Young
From Linear Story Generation to Branching Story Graphs
Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE) (2005).
Conference bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl, H. Chad Lane, Randall Hill, and William Swartout
Automated Story Direction and Intelligent Tutoring: Towards a Unifying Architecture
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) Workshop on Narrative Learning Environments (2005).
PDF Workshop bibtexInteractive StoriesEducation

Mark O. Riedl
Towards Integrating AI Story Controllers and Game Engines: Reconciling World State Representations
Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) Workshop on Reasoning, Representation, and Learning in Computer Games (2005).
Workshop bibtexInteractive Stories

2004

R. Michael Young, Mark O. Riedl, Mark Branly, Arnav Jhala, R.J. Martin, and C.J. Saretto
An Architecture for Integrating Plan-Based Behavior Generation with Interactive Game Environments
Journal of Game Development 1 (2004).
Journal bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl
Equivalence between Narrative Mediation and Branching Story Graphs (Technical Report TR04-004)
(2004).
bibtexStorytellingInteractive Stories

2003

R. Michael Young and Mark O. Riedl
Towards an Architecture for Intelligent Control of Narrative in Interactive Virtual Worlds
Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (2003).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

Mark O. Riedl, C.J. Saretto, and R. Michael Young
Managing Interaction between Users and Agents in a Multi-Agent Storytelling Environment
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (2003).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories

2002

David B. Christian, Mark O. Riedl, and R. Michael Young
Conversation Starters: Using Spatial Context to Initiate Dialogue in First Person Perspective Games
Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment: Papers from the 2002 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-02-01) (2002).
PDF Conference bibtexInteractive Stories